Hormones are essential for just about all physiological functions, including regulating weight in women. Hormonal imbalances can cause changes in metabolism, appetite, and fat storage, leading to weight gain or loss. According to
Marla Ahlgrimm, fluctuations that occur naturally in women's bodies throughout their lives, including puberty, menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause, can all have a profound effect on body weight.
Estrogen
Estrogen is the most widely talked about female sex hormone, and it plays a vital role in regulating the menstrual cycle, fertility, and bone health. However, Marla Ahlgrimm explains that estrogen also affects body weight by influencing fat distribution and metabolism. Boosted levels of estrogen can trigger weight gain by increasing the production of insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. This creates a vicious cycle as elevated insulin levels can cause the body to store more fat, especially in the abdominal region. Additionally, estrogen plays a role in appetite suppression, and a decrease in estrogen levels can increase hunger and food intake, leading to weight gain.
Progesterone
Progesterone is a lesser-known yet essential female hormone. It prepares the uterus for pregnancy and regulates the menstrual cycle. Progesterone also affects weight by slowing down digestion and increasing water retention. Women often experience water retention and bloating during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. This is when progesterone levels are highest. Elevated progesterone levels can lead to temporary weight gain, which (thankfully) usually resolves after menstruation.
Testosterone
Testosterone is most known as a male sex hormone, but it is also present in women in small amounts. Testosterone affects body weight by increasing muscle mass and reducing fat mass. Women with higher testosterone levels tend to have an overall lower body fat percentage and a higher muscle mass, which Marla Ahlgrimm says can make it easier to maintain a healthy weight. However, excessive testosterone production can lead to an increase in abdominal fat.